ARCHIVES FOR SEPTEMBER 21, 2003
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Five in, six out for breakfast with Bush
By Rickey Singh
AT LEAST six Caribbean Community Prime Ministers have been excluded from a selected list of invitees for a working breakfast with President George W.B. Bush in New York on Wednesday, September 24.

Among them are Barbados's Owen Arthur and Trinidad and Tobago's Patrick Manning; Antigua and Barbuda's Lester Bird; St. Vincent and the Grenadines' Ralph Gonsalves, Belize's Said Musa and Dominica's Pierre Charles.

Bush's chosen CARICOM breakfast guests are: Guyana's President Bharrat Jagdeo, and the Prime Ministers of Jamaica, P.J. Patterson; St. Lucia's Kenny Anthony, The Bahamas' Perry Christie, and Grenada's Keith Mitchell, the Sunday Chronicle was reliably informed yesterday.

Prime Minister Patterson, current Chairman of the 15-member CARICOM, has already indicated that it was not possible for him to attend the breakfast session but stood ready to meet with the US President at another mutually convenient time.

It could not be confirmed whether the Presidents of Suriname, Ronald Venetiaan, and Haiti's Jean Bertrand Aristide were also invited.

Prime Minister Denzil Douglas, who recently had surgery in the USA, is still recuperating at home and is not expected for any meetings this week in New York, where a number of CARICOM heads of Government and Foreign Ministers will address the current 58th session of the UN General Assembly.

ICC Controversy
Noting those "in" and "out" for breakfast with Bush, one leading Caribbean diplomat said it was significant that the excluded Prime Ministers are the ones whose governments were blacklisted in July this year for an end to United States military assistance

That development followed their refusal to enter bilateral agreements with Washington to exempt American nationals from the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) if required to face trial for war crimes or crimes against humanity.

There have since been initiatives by CARICOM to engage the USA in a review of the disagreements over bilateral exemption pacts sought by Washington, but the issue remains unresolved.

One of the more significant omissions for the working breakfast with Bush, happens to be Prime Minister Manning who is known to have requested a meeting with President Bush some months ago to discuss Trinidad and Tobago-USA bilateral relations.

But an "appropriate time" is still to be determined, with one such possibility being the forthcoming international energy summit scheduled for November in Miami, according to well-placed official sources.

Manning was mandated at the CARICOM Summit in Montego Bay in July to also discuss at his proposed meeting with President Bush a range of issues of interest to the Community as a whole.

In contrast to the working breakfast session of limited invitees, heads of all Caribbean delegations to this week meetings of the UN General Assembly are among invited guests for a cocktail function to be hosted by President Bush on the evening of Tuesday, September 23.

Prime Minister Anthony of St. Lucia, who has lead responsibility for "governance and justice" among CARICOM leaders, is scheduled to be the first CARICOM head to address the Assembly on Tuesday. Prime Minister Patterson is due to do so on September 29.

Among Foreign Ministers addressing the General Assembly will be Barbados's Billie Miller and Trinidad and Tobago's Knowlson Gift.

CARICOM is said to be keen on a structured dialogue with the Bush administration on a range of issues of common interest, including crime, terrorism and security, said one Foreign Minister.

Just recently, on September 3, five CARICOM Prime Ministers from the Eastern Caribbean held talks with the Bush administration's Ambassador-at-Large for the western hemisphere on counter-terrorism, Coffer Black, at a meeting in Barbados hosted by Prime Minister Arthur.

But a significant absentee - originally expected for that meeting - newly appointed Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs, Roger Noriega, failed to turn up at the last moment.

With Arthur at the meeting with Ambassador Black were the Prime Ministers of St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada and Dominica.

Berbice Police mobilised to fight rising crime
- Police Commissioner
(GINA)- POLICE Commissioner, Floyd McDonald has expressed concern over the spate of crime in the Corentyne area over the past week.

Speaking to the Government Information Agency (GINA) from his office yesterday, the Commissioner said that recently four robberies were committed. There was also the abduction of a woman who was subsequently found dead. He noted that the investigation is still in progress.

Friday evening, Shameer Hussain, 36 was fatally shot while in the company of friends at a liquor restaurant at Lot 18 Section A, Kildonan Village. He was killed by armed bandits who assaulted the proprietor and his wife and robbed them of cash and money. The couple is hospitalised.

"We are taking active steps to catch the perpetrators," said Commissioner Mc. Donald.

He noted that additional reinforcement was allocated to the Berbice Division in terms of plain clothes and uniformed policemen.

The Commissioner said that the objectives are to assist the Berbice division with the investigation, to arrest the perpetrators and to engage in preventative anti-crime activities.

"The Police has been mobilised to reverse the trend of crime in Berbice," said McDonald.

He urged the residents of the Corentyne communities not to be alarmed over the situation and he appealed to them and the business community to provide the Police Force with any necessary assistance.

McDonald is of the view that most of the crime in the area, are being committed by persons living in the surrounding areas.

"We are of the firm belief if not all of them, most of them are from Berbice area," the Commissioner said.

Community Policing Groups (CPG) are urged to support the Police in containing the criminal activities. The Commissioner also noted that there are some policing groups which have been inactive. He urged them to re-organise themselves in the interest of crime prevention.

Commissioner McDonald indicated that he is likely to visit the location as soon as possible and has given the assurance to the Berbice community that the Police will be actively involved in the fight against crime.

"I want to reassure persons that no stone will be left unturned on the current situation in Berbice," said McDonald.

Poor management of distribution system blamed for water woes
By Jaime Hall
`Overall, I feel there has been poor management of the public relations function and communication by Guyana Water Inc in these areas'. Minister of Housing and Water, Shaik Baksh

THE Public Relations Department of the Guyana Water Inc (GWI) has come in for criticisms by Housing and Water Minister Shaik Baksh for failing to relate to consumers in an appropriate manner in an effort to address some misgivings on the current water situation.

Baksh, during a press conference Friday at GTV Channel 11 studio, said the government is very much concerned about the level of service GWI is providing particularly on the lower East Coast and on the East Bank Demerara.

The current water situation in those areas is due to a poor management of the distribution system and poor response as well from GWI in dealing with the consumers.

"Overall, I feel there has been poor management of the public relations function and communication by Guyana Water Inc in these areas".

Baksh also urged the GWI management to ensure that its billing and collection systems are operating in an efficient manner so that the company would be in a position to clear its liabilities.

The Minister held several meetings with the management of GWI urging them to visit the communities affected by poor water supply and inform the people on what is occurring in the new system being put in place.

There are two large projects that were initiated on the Lower East Coast and the East Bank Demerara areas, which are near completion, and include the Eccles to Friendship project. That project entails the rehabilitation of the water treatment plant and the main transmission line, he explained.

In the Georgetown area, there were many complaints over the past two weeks about the low water pressure. The Public Relation function of the company has failed here again, the Minister said.

He said there are many problems, which developed at the wells at Sophia, Tucville Terrace, and at Turkeyen. Those problems occurred within days of each other. No communication was issued to the residents of Georgetown informing them about the situation.

"It has nothing to do with rationing which was introduced. It is expected that the pressure within the core of Georgetown will remain the same, but these are the problems which compounded it," the Minister said.

On the lower East Coast, major rehabilitation was done to overhead storage facilities at Better Hope, La Bonne Intention and Annandale.

The objectives of the projects were to provide an improved level of service to the population in those areas for treated water to be supplied.

However, there were a lot of technical difficulties that arose over the past month. But the situation along the East Bank corridor has stabilised and many communities are receiving a supply of water even though it is not an adequate supply, the Minister outlined.

Baksh said contractors and engineers are working to ensure full supply is restored to those areas. This is with the exception of the two large housing schemes at Grove and Diamond where corrective works need to be done on damaged pipelines.

He said when the works are completed, water supply to those schemes will be restored.

He acknowledged, however, that the water situation on the East Coast of Demerara is more problematic.

One of the problems there is that the well pump at Mon Repos is damaged. It was sent abroad for repairs, but should be back in the country within the next two weeks and back into operation.

In the meantime, a small pump was installed which is supplying water on a sectionalised basis.

With these two major projects being almost completed, there are still problems with consumers getting reliable water supply in many communities.

Baksh said there is a major problem with the distribution system.

He said GWI should have ensured that much more planning was done to stop, for example, the leakages in the system long before the completion of these projects.

There are many leakages in the system, which affect the required pressure output. The plants were built for a capacity of 180 litres per household per day.

He explained that if the demand exceeds the supply, problems would be created.

In this case, public education programmes by GWI would have been important to sensitise all the communities of the need to conserve water.

The plan as part of an ongoing exercise is to install meters in all those areas. Thousands of water meters are already in the process of procurement, Baksh said.

Metering consumers for their supply of water is one way of conserving the use of water.

Appealing to the affected communities to be patient, the Minister said a taskforce has been set up and is operating on the East Bank and East Coast Demerara in an effort to try to rectify the problems.

Before the actual auctioning began, the audience was treated to fashion displays by Margoux Wong and Sonia Noel.

Minus the late start and the poor lighting of the auction facilities, the auction came off well and the bachelors who didn't make it big were in high spirits after the show which ended near midnight.

Mark Lam is `the' Bachelor
By Neil Marks
A 21-year-old Computer Analyst Friday evening raked in the most money for the Tourism and Hospitality Association of Guyana (THAG) at this year's Bachelor's Auction which saw the most daring moves yet by the singles of the past three years.

Mark Lam just had to stand on stage, smile and perk up a few moves in his waist line for the $1000 notes to start flying. He eventually took off his shirt and headed for the back of the auditorium at Cara Inn where a few young ladies hustled to get his T-shirt off.

In the end, his worth was put at a whopping $38, 500, and no other guy came close to this figure.

The ever popular entertainer Kerwin Bollers, 25, of Hits and Jams and the Car and Bike show, failed to profit the organisation much, as he scraped in just $11, 500. Kerwin played shy guy, and only took off the jacket of his black suit.

However, when it came to entertainment for the night, the winning card did not belong to "the" bachelor of the night.

This ticket clearly belonged to 35-year-old geologist Dominic O'Sullivan.

First he played bashful, and then got wild! He took off his tie and flung it into the room of excited ladies and the male patrons who came to support their fellow bachelors.

Next, the jacket came off, and he did the same thing, threw in into the audience! Next he went off stage and started pulling his chest hairs!

At the start of the show, the ladies wanted to know if they could "thoroughly" examine the merchandise, and was Dominic examined!

Despite his theatrics, Dominic, however, only managed to get a paltry $6, 000.

Floyd Ferreira, a fitness trainer with Studio 2000, could have brought in some big bucks, but he just did not know how to play the bidding game!

As soon as he landed on stage, he started to gyrate to the music, and then he quickly took off his shirt and went straight into ripping apart his T-shirt! All of that and not one bid had come in!

He eventually had to allow the ladies to get a feel of the six-pack, and in the end, his worth was tallied at just $9, 000.

David Fiedtkou, 23, an operations assistant with a local airline, brought in the third highest amount of cash - $10, 500.

Neville Bhoopa, a frail looking 18-year-old student, and pharmacist, Victor Hopkinson, 35, managed to bring in more money ($5, 000) than 35-year-old cosmetologist, Julius Codrington ($3, 000), 35-year-old Veterinary Technician, Lance Dowridge ($3, 000), 21-year-old Le Meridien Pegasus front desk agent, Damian Griffith ($3, 000), and Christopher Small ($4, 000).

Dr. Ariston Lyte, 32, a Veterinarian, was worth $8, 000, while the other bachelor for whom no prior information was provided, Nerbert DeFreitas, garnered $9, 500.

Before the actual auctioning began, the audience was treated to fashion displays by Margoux Wong and Sonia Noel.

Minus the late start and the poor lighting of the auction facilities, the auction came off well and the bachelors who didn't make it big were in high spirits after the show which ended near midnight.

High representatives discussed non-attendance at Monitoring Group prior to Friday
The absence of the High Representatives from the meeting of the stakeholder group Friday is not meant to be disrespectful of the members of the Monitoring Group nor is it reflective of an effort to undermine their commitment to the monitoring process, the Office of the President said yesterday.

The Office of the President issued a statement in response to an article in yesterday's issue of the Stabroek News headlined `President's high reps skip stakeholders' briefing'. The meeting was scheduled for the offices of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

We publish below the statement from the Office of the President:

"Contrary to what was reported in the Stabroek News of September 20, 2003, the High representatives of His Excellency, the President wish to assure Guyanese and particularly the participants at the meeting of the Monitoring Group that their absence from the meeting of Friday 19th September 2003, was in no way reflective of an effort to undermine their commitment to the Monitoring process or to be disrespectful of the members of the Monitoring Group.

Indeed, the High Representatives of His Excellency, the President and the Leader of the Opposition, during their meeting on Wednesday 18th September did discuss their (High Representatives of the His Excellency, the President and the Leader of the Opposition) non-attendance at the Friday monitoring meeting in the context of the non-availability of the joint briefing document.

NEWS

No clear motive for Turkeyen killings
THE two men who were gunned down at Pattensen/Turkeyen Road, East Coast Demerara on Friday morning have been positively identified as Clive McLean, 31, called 'Buck' of Lot 103 East Ruimveldt, Georgetown, and 33-year-old Clive Savory called 'Blue Mouth' of La Grange Public Road, West Bank Demerara.

Clive McLean was described as a very friendly person who was self-employed.

The Chronicle visited his home and was told by relatives that he was at the street corner on a motorcycle with his friend, Savory, when a white motorcar hit them both off the bike. The occupants of the car then bundled the two men into the car in the presence of many onlookers.

They said the next they heard was that his body was lying at the Lyken's Funeral Parlour.

His mother, who was in obvious shock, claimed that her son recently returned from overseas and was not in any trouble with the law.

Several relatives and friends had gathered yesterday at the dead man's home. They pointed out the area from which the men were abducted, and noted that there was still evidence of a crash as fragments of the motorcycle parts were strewn on the road.

McLean has no children and is survived by five siblings.

A post mortem examination is expected to be conducted on his body on Monday.

Meanwhile, Savory's home at 33 of La Grange Public Road, West Bank Demerara was tightly shut when the Chronicle visited. Neighbours said that he was known in the area as a minibus conductor.

However, at his brother Bertram's residence, relatives told the Chronicle that Savory was a mason by profession and had fathered three children.

Several residents related that he was a very outgoing individual who was always `liming' with his friend, Clive.

Up to late yesterday, there was no clear motive for the killings.

Investigations are continuing. (Michel Outridge)

Army to fully withdraw from Buxton
THE Guyana Defence Force is to soon withdraw its patrols from Buxton now that the village has returned to normalcy.

Yesterday, at the conclusion of a military display of Chinese Martial Arts at the Colonel John Clarke Military School, Tacama, Berbice River, Colonel Edward Collins told members of the media that he visited the community on Friday accompanied by several senior officers.

He pointed out that vehicles are travelling through the community freely, people are conducting their business as usual, and policemen are performing routine patrols.

Col. Collins stated that the GDF patrol is now deployed in the area as additional support, but he anticipates that the police will shortly not need the Army to assist them in the execution of their duties.

The army is reduced to one-fifth of its original strength at Buxton, he stated, and it is awaiting an indication from the police to completely pull out from the Eastern corridor and Buxton.

Scholarship awardees hosted at State House reception
PRESIDENT Bharrat Jagdeo yesterday held a reception at State House for the students who have been awarded scholarships to pursue tertiary studies in Cuba.

The present batch of Guyanese students is the second one under the scholarship programme provided by the Cuban government. The group is scheduled to leave for Cuba this week to pursue studies in various fields.

The batch comprising 94 awardees will leave tomorrow on a specially chartered flight for Cuba to begin studies for the 20002-2003 academic year. The flight will also accommodate scholarship awardees from political parties.

A farewell function at the Umana Yana was held last Monday which served as an orientation session for the students and their parents/guardians. President Jagdeo delivered the charge to the students.

Of the 94 awardees 25 will be pursuing studies in human medicine. Of the first batch of 124 students who are currently in Cuba, 69 are pursuing studies in human medicine.

During the first year of study, the students will study Spanish before moving directly to their specific fields of study.

Some 350 scholarships were offered by the Cuban government as a result of discussions that were held between Presidents Bharrat Jagdeo and Fidel Castro in Havana in 2001.

`Bitter Sweet Cassava Culture'
Exhibition captures significant Amerindian ritual
By Linda Rutherford
THE saga begins with a file of Amerindian men of varying ages, each carrying a warishi and other impedimenta on their backs, making their way up a gentle incline awash with verdant vines.

Each has a length of wood of some sort in one or other of their hands.

Behind them, at the point where the treacle dark waters of the waterway touch land, lie a number of canoes, all neatly parked as one would a car in a designated parking lot.

A sprinkling of womenfolk, some with the customary baby weighing down their generous hips, mill around the now stationary vessels, seemingly in search of a trophy or two that may have been inadvertently left behind by the group of strangely silent men.

So, too, does a young black and white mongrel, his velvety black nose riveted to the ground.

A barely perceptible movement of the water indicates the presence of a gentle breeze.

Etched at the left hand corner of the unusually large photograph is a single word. Arrival, it says.

But who are these men? Where did they come from? And where, in Heaven's name, are they going?

Home! To celebrate, after a particularly successful hunt, explains a rather helpful and enthusiastic attendant at the National Art Gallery, where the picture at reference and others are mounted by British artist/anthropologist, Dr Fiona Wilkes, as part of a three-week, multi-media exhibition titled: 'Bitter-Sweet: Cassava Culture (1)'.

The location is Gunns Strip, on the Upper Essequibo River, which is home to the Wai-Wais, one of the country's nine nations of Indigenous Peoples.

These hunts, the attendant explained, are usually held around Christmas-time and can last for as long as two weeks. The object in their hands, earlier referred to, she said, are bamboo horns, which the men will use to reproduce in song the sounds of the many animals in the surrounding forest as they enter the village.

As the saga continues, the group of men, still maintaining their single-file formation, can be seen making their way across what looks like a courtyard, their bamboo horns now raised in unison to their lips.

Hanging at equidistant intervals from a length of sisal twine strung along the length of the courtyard are several hands of ripe bananas, their lemon-yellow colour lending handsomely to the festivity.

But wait! What are those thingummies riding high atop their warishis?

Effigies of animals, it seems; mainly the monkey.

Yes, agreed the attendant. They use those as a sort of talisman, to ward off any evil they may encounter during the hunt, and to generally bring them good luck.

This particular photo is titled: Plaza. The word again etched, rather unobtrusively, at the left hand corner of the photo.

Spree is the title of the next study, which takes us to what appears to be a communal benab, where the entire village seems to have turned out to welcome their tired but jubilant men-folk. The quality of the photograph suggests the men have broken into a run.

The festivity is in full swing.

It's a tradition with the Wai-Wais, says Dr Wilkes in a little booklet compiled to guide viewers through the exhibition. It's what you call a traditional cassava harvest celebration, she says. And it only occurs around Christmastime.

"My series of photographs capture this significant ritual, practised once a year as a community expression of the inherent value of the cassava cycle throughout the year, as part of a complex social, political and cultural economy associated with a body of social memory and rich iconography," she says.

She then goes on to say that according to the earlier colonial writers, the Wai-Wais were "the southern tribe of the territory," whose lighter than usual complexion made them "the legendary wild and beautiful white Indians" and whose preference for tapioca earned them the nickname: 'Indios do Tapioc'.

She also quotes the renowned anthropologist, Walter E. Roth, after whom the Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology here was named, as saying that the name Wai-Wai, which means tapioca, was given the tribe by the Wapishanas, "on account of their liking for tapioca and starch foods."

Wilkes, whose discipline is Fine Art but has a passion for image-making and anthropology, says in her Artist's Notes: "... for centuries Amerindian societies have devised complex technologies, systems of knowledge and cultural practices, using artifacts such as the woven matapi and carved wooden grater in the creation of a wealth of cassava products valued by local communities as currency in maintaining identity and autonomy."

Cassava culture, she says, which has historically served as a vital source of subsistence and trade in village life, and as the main source of carbohydrate in many regions of South America and the Caribbean "envelopes a world of Amerindian mythology and expression associated with the plant's toxic tubers and its purification cycle, from the nutritional to the medicinal and spiritual, articulated through artifacts, iconography and ritual."

Noting that it is this significant Amerindian culture, which had been previously classified as merely a domestic sphere of subsistence that has been the focus of her research to date, Wilkes, whose doctoral thesis is based on extensive studies carried out here during the 90s, says:

"Pushing the boundaries of existing approaches, I have sought to understand the dynamics and world view of cassava culture, not only as a vital food source and repository of Amerindian knowledge, but also as a point of negotiation within the wider global context."

She uses "the tourism art market and Guyana's complex multicultural heritage" to explain the term: 'A point of negotiation within the wider global context'.

Through a combination of photographs, glass digital screen prints and image, and sound scrape projections, Wilkes says, "this exhibition articulates bitter cassava's unique role."

Sharing her views on what she thought of the exhibit, the contents of which are part of Wilkes submission for her doctoral thesis, Curator of the National Art Gallery, Ms Elfreida Bissember, said its very title "is perhaps apt in the modern context of inevitable loss and change which challenge lifestyles of all of us, including Guyanese Amerindians."

Its concerns, she says, "also accommodate, coincidentally, the theme of [Guyana's] Amerindian Heritage Month 2003, 'Igniting our Indigenous Roots Amidst Change'.

The exhibition runs until October 4.

Recognizing Amerindian culture -
"You must never feel that your culture has a lesser part to play ..." President Bharrat Jagdeo
A GINA feature
IT IS during the month of September, that Amerindian Heritage Month is observed and Amerindian culture is brought to the forefront and given significant recognition. This is not to say that Government does not focus attention on the development of Amerindians in any other month of the year. There are noticeable developments in every Amerindian community and in every conceivable sector of these communities.

While there is still a lot of work to be done for Amerindians, many Amerindians recognize that the Government is doing its best with limited funds available. But even as Government seeks to promote sector developments in Amerindian communities it also recognizes and promotes Amerindian cultural practices.

September is used merely to highlight some of these developments and to allow Amerindians to showcase their involvement in the development process to the rest of the Guyanese society a little more than usual. Most of these activities are culturally based.

They showcase, among other things, Amerindian dishes, dress, dances and art and craft. Amerindian Heritage Month has now become part of the national calendar of cultural events and so Guyanese look forward, especially to this month, to acquiring their treasured pieces of art and craft intricately produced by specialized Amerindian techniques.

Amerindians for many decades were seen as 'people of the forest' whose culture was confined to the "bushes." However, late President Cheddi Jagan, committed to having their culture and their other contributions to Guyana recognized at the national level, in 1995 dedicated September as Amerindian Heritage Month.

Minister of Amerindian Affairs Ms. Carolyn Rodrigues says Dr. Jagan knew that one day was far from adequate to recognize and highlight Amerindian culture and contributions to the society.

Amerindians throughout the country have been clamoring for a national holiday in their honour. While this has not yet been achieved, the designation of Amerindian Heritage Day and Amerindian Heritage Month should be seen as a major achievement in their favour.

President Bharrat Jagdeo has been very supportive of developmental initiatives benefiting Amerindians. He along with a five-member delegation of Government Ministers traveled to the remote Amerindian Heritage Village at St. Ignatius in Region Nine (Upper Takutu/Upper Essequibo) to participate with villagers in the cultural and other activities in observance of Amerindian Heritage Day.

"We are celebrating an integral part of the Guyanese culture, not something alien not something different ... but an important part of the Guyanese culture," President Jagdeo said at the Heritage Day celebrations.

The President said among the areas his Government had prioritized for the indigenous population was to raise awareness about their culture. "Many people and even some Amerindians themselves thought that this wonderful, rich culture was backward and people were sometimes ashamed of practicing it," President Jagdeo said, "but that is not true. This is a rich and important part of Guyanese culture," he emphasized.

In her address at the launch of the month-long activities, Minister Rodrigues said that "since our late President designated this month to the Amerindian people we have witnessed an increased consciousness and pride that is moreso expressed when September comes around.... I believe out of all these celebratory type activities that will be seen in September, there is a strong message to all - Amerindian People are a proud people and they are happy to express that pride."

The Head of State stressed that what the country is trying to forge is one nation, one culture that is uniquely Guyanese, "that identifies all of us as equal Guyanese."

"You must never feel that your culture has a lesser part to play in this national culture. It has an equal part to play in the forging of this culture," President Jagdeo told the thousands of Amerindians who gathered at St. Ignatius for the Heritage Day celebrations. "At the same time we have to create opportunities for the preservation of their culture."

The Sand Creek Culture Group, which performs mainly traditional Wapishana dances and songs gained prominence at the recently-concluded Caribbean Festival of Arts (CARIFESTA) V111 which was held in Suriname. The group was part of the Guyana contingent. It was selected last year during the cultural extravaganza, which culminated Amerindian Heritage Month 2002 celebrations.

Following its outstanding performance in Suriname, there have been requests for the group to perform at another festival in French Guiana later this year.

Mashramani, a national occasion observed in celebration of the country's Republican achievement, can be seen as a major contribution by Amerindians at the national level. Mashramani, was derived from the Arawak dialect which means cooperation after hard work.

Amerindians of Arawakan ancestry engage even up to today in some communities, in cooperative community work, after which they use their local traditional drinks to celebrate their achievement. The Amerindians call this "cayape", group or community work.

To further promote Amerindian culture, Government is pursuing a pilot project to integrate some Amerindian dialects in the schools curricula. The Rural Women's Network, (RWN) a women's group that was instituted by the Government in 1998 also promotes Amerindian culture, especially their food and craft products.

Earlier this year a few Amerindian women traveled to Trinidad and Tobago to share their expertise in craft production and food processing, among other things. Some other hinterland women also traveled to Jamaica to share their expertise in extracting and utilizing the juice of cassava. Mrs. Bibi Andrews, Coordinator of the RWN said the Jamaicans used the cassava and discarded the juice, which in Guyana is used to create bi-products such as casareep and 'tapioca' a starchy substance, used for making porridge.

Improved power supply attributed to active debt servicing, equipment maintenance
Move on to improve staff/customer relations
(GINA) - THE notable improvement in power supply to consumers since the withdrawal of AC Power from the Guyana Power and Light Company, GPL, has been attributed to the company’s active debt servicing and equipment maintenance programme that the new management undertook upon its assumption to office last May.

During a live discussion on GTV 11 last week, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the GPL, Mr. Ronald Ali, explained that the former GPL management walked away leaving a debt of $1B.

Ali said this sum was accrued due to the lack of payment for fuel and fuel shipments to Guyana, coupled with the deferral of equipment servicing.

To date, GPL has managed to reduce its indebtedness by $250M, and an additional $400M will be paid out to creditors by this month-end, said Ali.

The GPL Board Chairman said power outages have been substantially reduced with the company now reaching 96 per cent of its peak demand. However, he claimed that 67 per cent of GPL’s customers make habitual late payments.

Chief Executive Officer of GPL, Mr. Robin Singh, who also participated on the live programme, said GPL is currently operating strictly on a cash-inflow basis. He pointed out that the power company receives no subsidy from Government, but now depends heavily on consumer payments to manage its daily operations.

In addition to debt servicing, and in order to redress power supply problems caused through faulty transmission and distribution systems, GPL has expended some $100M towards the servicing and maintenance of equipment.

According to the GPL boss, the company has embarked on a massive revenue collection campaign aimed at maximising its revenue base. He emphasised the importance of timely payments by consumers to avoid disconnections.

On the issue of GPL’s estimation of consumption patterns, Chief Commercial Officer of the GPL, Mr. Sam Zimbe assured that on average, 15 per cent of GPL’s customers are billed on estimated readings.

Zimbe pointed out that the reason for such recourse by GPL is due largely to meter readers’ inaccessibility to premises.

However, he said consumers with queries with regard to estimated readings should visit the commercial department of GPL or call him on telephone number 225-4900. Others with disconnection queries may call the GPL disconnection hotline telephone 226-7408.

One of the major problems that faced the previous GPL managers and which they failed to conquer, was commercial loss experienced mainly through consumers’ theft of electricity. Since the heightened revenue collection drive by GPL, the company has disconnected several consumers who were in arrears for periods ranging from one month to six months.

Despite this effort by the company though, there are still loopholes in the system. Zimbe admitted that there are instances when the company took disciplinary action against members of its disconnection crew who were found guilty of colluding with consumers who handed over money so as not to be disconnected.

He affirmed that the Power Company has strict policies against such acts, and will continue to take necessary corrective action to curb illegal practices.

The absence of a proper stock inventory system under the previous GPL management has also been identified as the cause for the shortage of new meters for consumers. Towards redressing this situation, GPL plans to process about 1 000 new meter applications for this month.

During the call-in segment of the programme, public concerns raised ranged from irregular billing practices to discourteous customer relations meted out by GPL staff.

Zimbe said GPL has trained 1 000 staff members who interact with the public, but he assured that the company will continue to monitor the situation closely.

Chief Operations Officer of GPL, Mr. Bharat Dindyal, who was also another panellist on last evening’s programme, said the company is moving to address problems at the Berbice exchange.

Dindyal disclosed that discussions are being pursued with Independent Power Producers for the supply of 5MW of electricity for the Canefield Power Station.

He said GPL plans to embark on a maintenance programme for Berbice within a few weeks.

The live programme was an initiative of the Government Information Agency aimed at addressing the concerns of consumers with respect to the utilities sector.

Education Month extended to October
(GINA) - Education Month activities will flow over to the month of October this year.

Two major activities will be pulled off in the month of October. These are the National Awards ceremony at the National Cultural Centre on October 9 and International Teachers Day on October 5.

This month, the Education Ministry has decentralised its operations to enable Regional Education Departments to organise activities.

The theme for this year's Education Month is `Modernising Education and Strengthening Tolerance.'

In a press release, the Distance Education and Information Unit of the National Centre for Educational Resource Development (NCERD) acknowledged teachers' contribution to the sector.

The release said, "We are grateful to them for their sterling contribution and for their continued efforts to uphold the motto `We mould the nation', and exemplify in all their doings that they care, serve, mould and build."

It also stated that activities planned for Education Month in all Regions are designed to enhance children's skills in reading, writing and speaking.

Region Ten hosted a Spelling B Competition for Primary Three and Form Two students Wednesday. A Poetry Competition and a Rally were scheduled for yesterday.

Other activities are a reading competition on September 23, a Children's Rally on September 25, and a Landscaping/Environment Competition on September 29, along with the formal opening of the Linden Foundation Secondary School.

Their final activity will be an Awards Ceremony on September 30.

Region Seven will host a Spelling B and Reading Competition and a Science Fair, while Region Five will execute a Career Fair for September 30.

Rehabilitation works on schools continue
(GINA) - PERMANENT Secretary in the Education Ministry, Mr. Ganga Persaud, says deterioration in some schools could not be addressed all at the same time.

There are 1 200 schools that must be maintained by the Ministry.

"We continue to do what can be done with available resources, but there is need for Guyanese to focus on their responsibility to maintain public property," Persaud said in an interview with GINA.

He encouraged persons, especially parents, teachers and students, to care for school buildings and other physical assets.

He also urged persons to closely examine the efforts by the Ministry of Education, at varying levels, to maintain schools and other infrastructure.

Mr. Persaud is of the opinion that any position taken to dismiss the vigorous efforts by the Ministry to improve school environments is unfair. He said there are a number of interventions to uplift the present environment where students and teachers work.

He added: "We have a very active maintenance programme and our programme seeks not only to deal with buildings, but with infrastructure in general."

Rehabilitation works were recently completed at the Stella Maris Primary School, St. Sidwell's Primary School and St. Barnabas School in Georgetown. Uitvlugt Primary School was also completed to the tune of $21M.

The Ministry anticipates that the Winfer Gardens Primary will be completed by this month end and Bygeval Secondary School by year end.

Annandale Secondary reports good CSEC performances
ANNANDALE Secondary School on the East Coast Demerara has reported improved performances at this year’s Caribbean Secondary Examination Council (CSEC) examinations.

Collis October emerged as the school’s top student, gaining eight subjects with seven Grade Ones and a Grade Two. This was followed by Kamlawattie Ramsaywack who gained five Grade Ones, two Grade Twos and a Grade Three; Rajesh Ramgoolam -four Grade Ones and four Grade Twos; Matthew John - four Grade Ones and four Grade Twos; Renuka Anandjit - three Grade Ones, three Grade Twos and two Grade Threes; Diana Dhanraj - three Grade Ones, three Grade Twos and two Grade Threes; Shripaul Rooplall - one Grade One, five Grade Twos and two Grade Threes; Harsha Mohan - four Grade Twos and four Grade Threes; and Doodnauth Sukhram - five Grade Ones, one Grade Two and one Grade Three.

In addition, 11 students secured passes in seven subjects while 25 passed six subjects and 17 got five subjects, reflecting an overall pass rate of 78 per cent of Grades One to Three.

One hundred per cent passes were obtained in several subjects, including Clothing and Textiles, Food and Nutrition, Home Economics and Management, Mechanical Engineering technology, office procedures, Principles of Accounts and Building Technology-Woods.

Impressive results were also obtained in several other subjects including Principles of Business – 98 per cent, Social Studies – 97 per cent, Agriculture Science (Double Award)- 92 per cent, English B –77 per cent, Caribbean History –73 per cent, Geography – 71 per cent, Physics – 71 per cent, Chemistry – 69 per cent, Biology – 60 per cent, Mathematics – 56 per cent and Technical Drawing – 54 per cent.

At the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination (C.A.P.E) level, five students wrote the examination. One student, Satesh Boodram, obtained three passes-one Grade One and two Grade Threes. He was followed by Wasim Ali and Rhyan Harry with passes in two subjects each, reflecting a 54 per cent overall pass rate. (Chamanlall Naipaul)

Lethem businessman's funeral postponed
THE funeral of murdered Lethem businessman, Mohamed Khan, 50, of Savannah Inn, has been postponed due to documentation delays and other problems.

Khan's funeral was scheduled for next Sunday, but further investigations are continuing in Brasilia. According to the President of the Rupununi Chamber of Commerce and Industry (RCCI), Alfred Ramsaran, Khan's bones are in the Brazilian capital

The Sunday Chronicle was reliably informed that the investigations have so far revealed that Khan was robbed of some US$6 000, electrocuted, then burnt to death.

Yesterday Khan's wife, Linda indicated her dissatisfaction with the delay in having her husband's remains buried in Lethem.

According to Ramsaran, this delay is causing even more pain to Khan's family who wish to bury his remains as soon as possible and bring some measure of closure to their ordeal.

A well-placed source told this newspaper that the Brazilian authorities have demanded payment for the DNA analysis that was performed on Khan's remains.

The RCCI and Khan's family have since indicated that they will also seek the assistance of the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to help resolve the issue so that Khan can be finally buried in his homeland as soon as possible.

In a brief telephone interview with the Chronicle yesterday, Home Affairs Minister Ronald Gajraj said he is willing to render assistance to the Khan family. However, the issue falls beyond his jurisdiction and office. He advised that the relatives and the RCCI seek assistance from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in having the matter resolved.

The Chronicle understands that Mrs. Khan has secured the services of a Brazilian lawyer and is seeking compensation from the Brazilian authorities for her husband's death. The family was advised that, based on the DNA investigation, had Khan survived, he would have had a life span of more than 30 years.

The DNA results on Tuesday positively confirmed that the skeletal remains discovered in Brazil were those of abducted businessman and the former President of Rupununi Chambers of Commerce and Industry (RCCI).

Khan, of Savannah Inn, Lethem, was kidnapped en route to Boa Vista. His remains were discovered in Sao Silvestre, Brazil.

`Skills for Success' programme launched
THE Durban Park Lions Club, in collaboration with the Institute of Distance and Continuing Education on Tuesday launched the 2003-2004 `Skills for Success' training programme to help young people of South Georgetown sharpen their academic skills, and rediscover their hidden potentials. The ultimate aim of the programme is self-improvement and the development of the communities in which the participants live.

The 12-week training programme at the North Ruimveldt Lions Den, Blue Mountain Road, Festival City, will offer the more than 25 participants, tuition in Basic English, Mathematics, and practical and entrepreneurial skills, among others.

Delivering the feature address at the opening ceremony, Director of IDCE, Mr. Samuel Small thanked the participants for joining with the Durban Park Lions and the IDCE in a "very noble opportunity" aimed at helping young people get a "new lease on life", and to think more positively about themselves, especially under circumstances where a lot of people seem to have lost hope.

He sees the programme as an opportunity to put together ideas, skills and determination, "as we work towards restoring our youth".

Stressing that the programme aims to provide the participants with "skills for Success", he said that apart from the core subjects of Reading and Mathematics, the focus on entrepreneurship is intended to help people to become self employed - to identify the things they like to do and work towards it.
"Good as academic subjects are, we need much more than that," he told the participants gathered for opening ceremony.

Mr. Small also urged them to appreciate the benefits of "learning to work with each other", developing attitudes of confidence and self-reliance, and thinking positively, and being punctual.

President of the Durban Park Lions Club, Lion Sarah Gordon, urged the participants to be vigilant, attentive and ensure they attend all classes.

Vice Chairperson (Education and Youth) congratulated them, as well as their parents and other family members for making it possible for them to attend the classes. She urged them not to drop out of classes, and pointed out "your development will make for the development of the community."

Chairperson was Lioness Karen Yaw. (Shirley Thomas)

Guyana to host fourth Caribbean Week of Agriculture
(GINA) -A week of activities will commence on October 6, 2003 to mark the fourth Caribbean Week of Agriculture in Guyana (CWA). This event is being coordinated by the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) in association with the CARICOM Secretariat and the Government of Guyana, through the Ministry of Agriculture.

Among the events scheduled for the week is a forum with Ministers of Agriculture from the Region as well as Organisations of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) members.

A grand Trade Show is billed for the Sophia Exhibition Complex under the theme `Completive Marketing: The focus for the success of Caribbean Agriculture'.

Acting Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Fisheries, Other Crops and Livestock Mr. Satyadeow Sawh, IICA representatives and officials from CARICOM will be present.

Other events will include a one-day marketing workshop, a Regional Agricultural Policy Network Workshop and the Annual General/Special Meetings of Regional Institutions of the Alliance for Sustainable Agricultural Development and Rural Milieu.

These include the Caribbean Agri-business Association (CABA), Caribbean Council of Higher Education in Agriculture (CACHE), Caribbean Network of Rural Women Producers (CNRWP), a forum of Caribbean Youth in Agriculture (CYA) and PROCICARIBE.

This year's CWA activities, which will culminate on October 10, will be observed under the theme `Facilitating Economic Development through the Promotion of Competitive Agriculture in the Caribbean.'

EDITORIAL
SLANDERING OF POLICE FORCE
THE Guyana Police Force (GPF) has done itself and the country a service by its very firm, unequivocal condemnation of the recent slanderous, racist propaganda to which it has been subjected by allegations made on Channels Nine and Six about an ethnic recruitment plan.

But it should not have been left just for the GPF to challenge what it found necessary to dismiss as "ill-conceived, malicious and extremely crass" statements on these TV outfits, known for their constant crude political and race-hate propaganda.

The governing and opposition parties should also have considered it appropriate to join in the condemnation of this latest, clear attempt to undermine the integrity of the hierarchy of the GPF, and to generate further racial divisions amid ongoing high-level efforts to improve governance and foster social harmony.

It could perhaps be said that spokesmen of both the government and ruling PPP/C have had good cause to previously criticise the political mischief, the race-oriented harangue that are standard practices of Channel Nine especially. Therefore, that party would readily support the stand taken by the GPF.

But the PNC/R cannot pretend to be unaware of the serious implications of the allegations made against the GPF about a claimed decision to engage in ethnic recruitment in favour of Guyanese of East Indian origin. Hence, the PNC/R's failure to even issue a mild rebuke to Channels Nine and Six could be further exploited by those bent on engaging in political mischief and racial/cultural slander.

The Reality
There is, of course, the dilemma for the PNC/R in taking issue with Channel Nine when, for a start, the very official name of that commercial entity is taken into consideration.

Nevertheless, the "reckless and preposterous" statements, to quote the GPF, made on those television channels without offering a scintilla of evidence, without any attempt to separate rumours from facts, should also be taken into consideration by the Disciplined Forces Commission in the fulfilment of its current mandate.

The reality of the politics and culture, the factors of racial insecurity and need for confidence-building in key national institutions, like the disciplined forces, would suggest the need for serious reappraisals in their structures and functioning to better respond to today's challenges.

This cannot be achieved by sacrificing fundamental principles on the altar of political expediency or by adopting myopic and band-aid responses.

Now that the major and minor political parties, as well as civil society groups have made their submissions to the Disciplined Forces Commission, those not bent on spreading political and racial divisions should await the findings and recommendations of the Commission.

Maligning the GPF, as the two television channels have done, could simply be part of a political strategy to scare that institution away from any serious effort to critically review its recruitment policy and practices.

FEATURES
THAT WORLD BANK TEAM'S REPORT
Will justice be done in a final 'policy review'?
By Rickey Singh
NOT for the first time, and I guess not the last either, a team of staffers and consultants recruited by the World Bank (WB) for an assignment in a Caribbean state, has provoked the anger of a government that forced the international financial institution to "clarify" its position ahead of a promised final "policy review".

This time, the controversy involves the Bharrat Jagdeo Guyana Government and the World Bank over a draft 'Development and Policy Review' on Guyana by a very sizable team comprising Bank staff, consultants, "peer reviewers" and others.

The row revolves around publication of a leaked 74-page draft report of the team's 'Guyana Development Policy Review'. The review was done in March this year - at the height of a criminal rampage with its mix of sheer banditry and political dimension.

Key government personnel, as well as the political opposition and business sectors, in addition to select others were interviewed for the preparation of the team's June 23 draft report. The final and, presumably more carefully prepared "final review" for the guidance of the World Bank's decision makers is yet to come.

Incidentally, the draft report was submitted some six weeks after a significant joint communiqué on the ongoing high-level dialogue process headed by President Jagdeo and Opposition Leader Robert Corbin on efforts to resolve national problems and improve governance.

By then, there were also indicators that the security forces were, finally, gaining the upper hand in a year-long war against the mind-boggling spate of murders, including killing of law enforcing officers, kidnappings for ransom, armed robberies and other serious crimes.

Whatever the criteria employed in selecting the team of "consultants", "peer reviewers" and others, the Guyana Government was to be jolted by what the draft report had to say on sensitive issues of "governance", crime and corruption.

According to the 'preface' of the draft report, the intention was for the team to "provide an up-to-date, integrated assessment of Guyana's development policy agenda, with the main focus on government, growth and poverty alleviation".

The Surprise
Imagine the surprise and hurt, therefore, of the government when, according to a subsequent reasoning by Finance Minister Saisnarine Kowlessar, the report reflected more of a political hatchet job than an objective, professional assessment.

Further, controversial claims in the draft report - some of which converged with earlier published positions of the main opposition PNC/R, and also that of at least one consultant on the World Bank's team.

The draft report of the team strikingly contrasted with an endorsement just a week earlier by the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

The Fund had more than just words of encouragement for the government's handling of the economy under what it viewed as a "more difficult political and security situation" since the launch of its 'Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility Programme'.

The language in sections of the World Bank team's draft report smacks of partisan politicking in relation to a perceived "crisis in governance", and with the government being dismissed as "weak" in responding to crime and claimed chronic public corruption. Was this the result of "consultations" with known political opponents of the government?

On the assumption that the team of "experts" set out to be objective in presenting their findings - conscious of the serious social, economic and political problems and challenges Guyana has had to face for many years - and not unrelated to the long dispensation of PNC's effective one-party rule, it exposed a serious failure.

It failed to reflect the promise of an "up-to-date integrated assessment" of the country's development policy agenda, as stated in the 'preface' of the report. Had this been done, there may not have been the controversy sparked by the "draft" and the subsequent assurance of such "integration" in the final "Policy Review Report".

In the circumstances, the government, speaking through its Finance Minister, felt constrained to passionately challenge assumptions and conclusions in the draft report with its own claims of it being flawed, politically biased, unprofessional and out of date.

Interview Process
Having, apparently, omitted significant positions outlined by key government representatives, and being rather selective in their choice of interviews with representatives of political parties and others, the team may have set itself up in its own interview process and methodologies that resulted in the highly contentious claims about a "crisis in governance".

Fortunately, the members of the team have the opportunity to correct omissions and other deficiencies in striving to present a more balanced and accurate final report on Guyana's Development 'Policy Review'.

As the Minister of Finance made public last week in his summary of a submission made on September 8 for the final Policy Review, the government has no intention to be associated with the report as it currently exists in its draft form.

The day after that position was articulated publicly by the Finance Minister, the Guyana-based Country Representative of the World Bank Group issued a brief press statement:

"We wish to make it clear", said Luci Hanmer, on behalf of the Bank, that this (what was published in the local media) is a draft report.

"We have received comments from government and others on the report and, as is the normal practice, we are currently in the process of integrating these comments into the report. When the report is finalised we will make it public".

The response is understandably low-keyed and careful. The draft had provoked sufficient trouble. Now, it seems, is the time for damage control and, presumably, to get back to basic professional integrity and competence in the preparation of the final Development Policy Review.

Assuming the accuracy of the position so firmly outlined by the Finance Minister in his comments for the final Policy Review, the decision-makers of the World Bank may wish to also address the "general" and "specific" concerns identified in the government's reaction to the draft report.

While anxiously awaiting the final report, critical questions need to be asked at the level in the World Bank where it really matters, on omissions, the interview-process pursued and methodologies in gathering and assessing information and comments

And, of course, why the events and developments of significance since March to the present, may be of significance in the team's reshaping of the final 'Development Policy Review'.

After all, it is a people's future at stake, not just the reputation of a government in an open, democratic state. The team members have the responsibility to come good - in the Bank's and their own reputation as well - in the "integrated", and "up-to-date" final report.

Employment and Collective Bargaining in the Civil Service
A Caribbean Perspective
By Nanda Kissore Gopaul
Continued from last Sunday
But very often some of these claims cannot withstand public or legal scrutiny and these commissions are guided by entrenched rules and procedures.

On the issue of a neutral or political free public service, there is hardly any likelihood that this can become a reality in the near future since politics in the region has been dominated by two major parties in each country of the region. In Jamaica we have the JLP and the PNP, Trinidad the PNM, UNC; Barbados BLP and the DLP and in Guyana the PPP and the PNC.

These are some examples where at some point in time in our history one of these parties would accede to office. When employment does take place in the currency of one party, key appointments are made during that period of government.

Very often these employees continue to function even after there is a change in government and here is where, at times, we have claims that the employees have not demonstrated loyalty to the new administration. There is the additional problem of union leaders being openly aligned to certain political parties and when the party to which these leaders are aligned to is in office there is the experience of a soft approach being taken at negotiations and on issues of national concern by some of these leaders.

When, however, there is a change in government increased militancy is seen on the part of these union leaders. This is a very unhealthy situation in the region and in fact in any country where political loyalty is given priority over issues that fall within the ambit of collective bargaining.

If we were to examine the Guyana situation for example, we will see how the Guyana Public Service Union has expressly been more militant when the People's Progressive Party is in Government and less militant when the People's National Congress was in Office. In the 1960's under the PPP the GPSU participated in an eighty-day strike and was very vocal against the Government during that strike; a strike which had a destabilizing effect on that party and government.

Again in 1999, the GPSU was involved in a fifty-five day strike which produced serious economic set-backs for the economy. It was against the same PPP government. During the entire period of the PNC under Government, although there was wage-freeze for years, imposition of salaries, the denial of free collective bargaining and a host of anti-trade union measures, there was a virtual silence on the part of the leadership of the Guyana Public Service Union apart from one period, in the late 1980's when one of it's leaders decided to make a stand. He was immediately exiled.

I am not doing this analysis to ridicule any union or union leadership or political leadership, but I merely want to warn of the danger that these type of relationship could pose to an effective and free collective bargaining process. For, whenever union leaders try to give sustenance to political parties of their choice rather than promoting the interest of their members in a principled and systematic way, inherent dangers exist for negotiations, the promotion of workers' interests and the building of an effective workers' movement. It will also create serious division in the work force and very often this will create an atmosphere of politicking within the public sector and workplaces.

This type of atmosphere eats away at the professionalism which should be the paramount basis for the operation of any public service.

The other trend which has affected the public service within recent years is one where key and strategic positions like those of the Permanent Secretaries and Heads of Departments are appointed either directly by Prime Ministers or Heads of State wherever applicable. This situation takes away the permanent nature of public service employment and brings it into the realm of a performance appraisal system for contracted periods. It also assures government of a degree of political comfort and is consistent with what obtains in several developed countries like the United States of America for example.

In Aruba the very top public servants are employed at the behest of the elected government. If any of the top public official is kept on following an election win that is merely for a transitional period.

However, employment procedures in the public service vary from country to country but have one thing in common: interviews by the commission prior to the selection of candidates and successful candidates are hired invariably at the bottom of the structure. Recent developments with respect to the modernisation of public service allows for mechanisms to be used for workers to be employed in the fixed establishment as well as on a contractual basis.

There exists also, temporary or casual employees in the public service and at times employees are employed for specified period on special projects. The interesting development in all of this is that many governments, in particular countries like Belize, Jamaica and Guyana and Trinidad among others, have opted to appoint top public officers on a contractual basis for short periods. Belize has even amended the title of Permanent Secretaries to read Chief Executive Officers. As I mentioned before, the governments have thus taken the employment of these personnel outside of the jurisdiction of the Service Commissions and bringing them under the control of the Prime Ministers and President as the case may be.

There is also another development where at certain senior levels in the public service, cadet officers are appointed from a core of university graduates and professionals. These dynamics have resulted in some change in the rules governing employment in the public service. Consequently, the question is being asked whether the applicability of rules in the public service is still relevant in keeping with current climes.

It would seem to me that there is need for radical reformation of employment procedures within the public service and within Public Service Commissions, which will allow for similar flexibilities in the employment of the various categories of public officials. We can perhaps examine possibilities of crafting national labour codes, taking international labour standards and local industrial relations legislation into consideration. If such a venture were to be undertaken, it will establish how unwieldy and cumbersome the current situation is with respect to public service employment practices as against the private sector and manufacturing establishments.

In examining the situation in Guyana, one will find how the most modern pieces of labour legislation backed by international labour standards, for employment, termination and severance as well as trade union recognition run in contradiction to the antiquated 1987 Public Service Rules. This would seem to support the position taken earlier of the need for a comprehensive review of labour relations' laws. Once this is undertaken it will allow for unifying the employment legislation and change the outmoded standards which we have within the Caribbean. It will also facilitate nation-states of the Caribbean to formulate acceptable labour standards, as we seek to grapple with the challenges that will confront us as we move towards the establishment of the CARICOM Single Market and Economy.

I now move to the issue of collective bargaining in the public service.

COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
Alan Flanders quoting Robert Dubin explained collective bargaining as '"the great social invention that has institutionalized industrial conflict' in much the same way 'that the political process and majority rule have institutionalized political conflict in a democracy.'" (Allan Flanders, Collective Bargaining: Prescription for Change, p. 77, Faber & Faber, 1967). Flanders was indicating that collective bargaining was the mechanism by which industrial disputes can be reconciled and that as a means of resolving industrial conflict, collective bargaining would necessitate planning as well as the enlargement of wider employer-employee relationship in order to obtain industrial stability.

In a wider definition, H. A. Clegg defines collective bargaining as:
...the whole range of dealings between employers and managers, on the one hand, and trade unions, shop stewards and union members, on the other, over the making, interpretation and administration of employment rules, and the 'intra-organizational bargaining' that goes on within either side, over the approaches and responses that they make to each other. It also includes bargaining between the two sides over the application of statutory controls. (H. A. Clegg, The Changing System of Industrial Relations in Great Britain, p. 4, Basil Blackwell, 1980)

Collective bargaining is not a new phenomenon in the public service. It has evolved well over sixty years from relationships where staff associations sought a voice in examining working conditions and be consulted in the public service to a point where vocal trade unions exist and concrete mechanisms are in place which govern the relationship between the state as employers of public servants and unions, which operate in many cases both inside and outside of the public service. Having reached a stage where collective bargaining would seem to be a pre- requisite and that trade unions and the state would engage each other on issues affecting workers, it is appropriate to examine in this paper the state of collective bargaining in the public service.

In almost all of the countries in the Caribbean there exists formal relation with trade unions by virtue of collective bargaining agreements in the public service. These are also supported by labour legislations, which give added strength and protection to the conduct of negotiations and employer-employee relationship. But can the relationship in the public service be the same as those existing in other sectors? We will have to examine this in the context as to whether collective bargaining can definitively be used in the public service to resolve wages conflict as can happen in other sectors of industry and commerce. This question will have to be examined in the context of the operations of trade unions in the public service and their so-called limited role in the process of collective bargaining.

It has been argued that once a union has recognition to bargain on behalf of its members within the public service then that recognition or bargaining rights would allow for optimum utilization of procedures available to resolve a trade dispute. This would be so with respect to grievances, that is, issues which relate to a worker's terms and conditions of employment but which has no relationship to the issue of salaries which is described as general question.

A perusal of agreements within the Caribbean would indicate that there are provisions for the settlement of disputes to be taken for final resolution right up to the stage of arbitration and in these agreements are clearly defined stages. However, with respect to wage negotiations there appear to be some form of collective bargaining but if a resolution cannot be found, more often that not, the matter will be referred to the Minister of Finance or another competent government authority for a decision to be made as to the quantum of a payout. Some Unions at times seek to enforce their demands through industrial action but only once was a government forced to resort to binding Arbitration as a means of ending the dispute.

There has also been the resort to the Courts by agencies in the public service considered as essential services to block industrial action by unions when procedures under the Essential Services Act, have been violated. The recent cases of the doctors of Trinidad and the Georgetown Public Hospital Employees and the Guyana Public Service Union are examples where writs have been filed and injunctions received from the Courts against strike action by these workers. It is therefore important that the settlement procedures are carefully observed by the parties to collective agreements especially in the essential services sectors since the resort to wild cat strikes could result in litigation which can have an undermining effect to the collective bargaining process.

An examination of mechanisms to determine wages issue in the public service shows some variation. The Belize experience would indicate that a Joint Staff Relation Council (JSRC) comprising of ten members of whom representatives from the union, government and other interest groups sit, would meet and deliberate on a range of issues but more especially "to negotiate the general principles of any conditions of service such as hours of work, leave privilege, promotions, discipline, tenure of office, remuneration, superannuation, and grievances related to thereto;"

This Council regulates its own procedure and makes rules to govern its meetings. Decisions are arrived at by consensus after which they are signed by the Chairman and the Vice-Chairman who may take them to the Minister for his agreement and signature. Once the agreement is signed by the Minister it is deemed to be binding on both the Government and the Public Officers to whom the decision applies. If the Minister is not satisfied, then he is free not to give his consent and other mechanisms including conciliation/mediation are put in place for the resolution of the dispute.

With respect to Trinidad and Tobago, Parliament passed the Civil Service Act of 1966, which established the Personnel Department of the Government as the agency which provide for the establishment of procedures and consultation for negotiations between the public service and recognised unions with respect to the classification of offices, grievances and grievance procedure, salary increases and terms and conditions of employment. However, where there is a breakdown on any matter the Minister can refer the dispute to a special tribunal established within the Act to hear and determine the dispute and to make an award which is deemed to be final and binding. The special tribunal has to take into consideration very important issues when making its decision. These would include, issues pertaining to employment creation, equitable distribution of resources, international competitiveness and fiscal discipline. It is obvious that any award which does not take into consideration these important elements can be challenged by the employers. These safeguards protect wild demands from gaining consideration.

The Jamaican experience reveals a somewhat more confrontational mode where disputes between the Government and unions are referred to the Permanent Salaries Review Board which are often not resolved but are sent to Conciliation or to the Industrial Disputes Tribunal. However, civil service pay disputes have not reached this Tribunal and pay rates are often fixed in periods of dispute by the Ministry of Finance and Planning.

Perhaps the St. Lucia experience may point to examples where procedures exist for resolving disputes in almost every facet of the public service from the level of the Service Commission to the Board of Appeal. Other avenues such as the Trades Disputes and Inquiry Ordinance Chapter 103 of the Revised Laws of St. Lucia of 1957 can be used to refer a dispute to arbitration once both parties are so inclined. The Essential Services Act also provide for compulsory arbitration in cases where agreements cannot be reached between the bargaining agents. The 1999 Industrial Relations Tribunal also makes provision for the resolution of disputes. But here again, a definitive final outcome is not guaranteed for matters pertaining to wages dispute in the public service.

My research has indicated that only once in the Caribbean was there a resort to arbitration, and this was in Guyana for the years 1999, 2000 when the Armstrong Arbitration Tribunal was set up. That Tribunal made awards in excess of what had been budgeted for by the Ministry of Finance and which was approved by Parliament. Thus, the award created serious financial dislocation for the Government in the management of the economy. Questions have been asked after that Award, not only in Guyana but elsewhere as to the legitimacy of that process in that it compromised Parliament. The World Bank in its Report on Guyana in 2003 indicated that "...since 1999 public expenditures have risen reaching 47.5% of GDP in 2002. Much of the increases can be explained by a 50% increase in the wage bill..." They have argued that as a consequence the fiscal deficit has widened leading to grave economic consequences for the country.

Some lawyers have argued that in agreeing to Arbitration on wages, the Tribunal has usurped the functions of Parliament in its determination of allocations under the various heads in the national budget particularly as it relates to the national wage bill. When the issue is examined carefully it would seem clearly that there must be other mechanisms used to determine wages and salaries levels' in the public service once these cannot be settled through the limited negotiating process. The consequential problems which have arisen from extravagant wage claims and government's response to these demands in times of economic crises attracted some consideration by the ILO Committee of Freedom of Association.

In 1994 that Committee at its 81st session deliberated on the issue of wages imposition and examined what had been determined by the Committee of Experts with respect to a dispute in Spain. Based on those findings in the years 1989 and 1991 it had this to say:

While the principle of autonomy of the parties to collective bargaining is valid as regards public servants covered by the Convention the special characteristics of the public service described above requires some flexibility in its application. Thus, in the view of the Committee, legislative provisions which allow Parliament or the competent budgetary authority to set upper and lower limits for wage negotiations or establish an overall "budgetary package" within which the parties may negotiate monetary or standard-setting clauses (for example: reduction of working hours or other arrangements, varying wage increases according to levels of remuneration, fixing a timetable for readjustment provisions) or those which give the financial authorities the right to participate in collective bargaining alongside the direct employer are compatible with the Convention, provided they leave a significant role to collective bargaining.

It is essential, however, that workers and their organisations be able to participate fully and meaningfully in designing this overall bargaining framework, which implies in particular that they must have access to all the financial, budgetary and other data enabling them to assess the situation on the basis of the facts. (International Labour Conference 81st Session-1994, p. 117, section 263)

The Committee went on to argue that the above should not be seen as the ultimate position since other issues such as legislative provisions and the economic situation of the country can give rise to difficulties with respect to collective bargaining. In this regard the Committee argued that with respect to the financial and budgetary difficulties facing governments, "particularly during periods of prolonged and widespread economic stagnation," that these governments can impose wages and rule out any possibility of genuine collective bargaining. They also argued that "measures which unilaterally set conditions of employment should be exceptional in nature, be limited in time and include safeguards for the workers who are most affected." (ibid, p. 118, section 265)

What this Committee is in fact saying is that while there is a role and must be a role for collective bargaining, a country's economic situation can dictate the direction of collective bargaining and the extent to which it takes place.

It is therefore interesting that arising out of all of this, unions have been unable, apart from the instance cited, to promote collective bargaining with respect to wage increases in the public service to the fullest extent. In some countries disputes when they occur would be subjected to the investigation of a Committee of Commission of Inquiry which would present its report to Parliament for ratification. This would seem to be one of the acceptable ways which will allow parliament to finally adjudicate on the issue of allocation of funds for wage increases. Unions, however, argued that any interference to the final conclusion of an agreement for wage increases whether through arbitration or otherwise should not take place and that governments must respect the principles of genuine and free collective bargaining.

In this era of globalisation, reforms and modernization of public service, given the limited resources available to developing countries in particular, the aspect of having the luxury of a free collective bargaining process can pose serious economic problems to these states. It is against this background that I will want to argue that while collective bargaining with respect to grievances must be taken to its fullest extent, the negotiations of wages and salaries must have some avenue for checks and balances while at the same time full exposure of information must take place between the parties. Perhaps with a view to reducing tensions and conflict which ever so often occurs in collective bargaining within the public service, more emphasis could be placed on the creation of national social partnership agreements similar to those existing in Ireland and Barbados. The success story of these agreements and the socio-economic improvements that these have brought to these countries are therefore a fitting legacy for other countries to emulate. To bring home this point I want to quote Jerry Goolsarran:

The social partnership agreements provide a solid foundation for the economic growth and development of these countries. These have resulted in a very good industrial relations environment to the extent that Ireland is attracting many substantial investors, and is one of the fastest growing economies in Europe. In recent years, both Ireland and Barbados have recorded the lowest incidence of industrial action within the European Union and CARICOM respectively... The social partnership at the national level in Ireland is an attractive model for Caribbean countries. Barbados, drawing from the Irish model, developed its own national agreements. Other Caribbean countries are considering the social partnership models of Ireland and Barbados to forge their own national agreements. (Samuel J. Goolsarran, Caribbean Labour Relations Systems: An Overview, International Labour Organization, 2002, pp. 25, 26).

In concluding, I want to emphasise that collective bargaining in the public service can never be the same as collective bargaining in manufacturing business or in commerce. Unions have sought in the past to force governments into submitting to their demands by virtue of industrial action. This has become more prevalent and fashionable in the public service. It has resulted in serious economic and social dislocations within individual nation-states. But would agreements arrived at under duress bring the desirable outcome and be in the interest of the state and other sectors of the economy? I leave you to judge.

Note: Paper presented to the Caribbean Labour Administration Conference September 9-12, 2003 at Le Meridian Pegasus, Georgetown

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